THE ORIGIN OF UNIVERSE
This article (C) 1993 BEPE
Este artículo es propiedad intelectual de Benjamín Pérez Villena, el motivo de que se encuentre publicado aqui es por ser un articulo científico de interés para el autor de esta web. Esta web es un mirror de los archivos originales por si alguna vez el servidor de Benajmin Fallara, cosa que pasa casi siempre con el paso de los años, que es el tiempo que esperamos esté El Baúl On Line. No obstante la web propiedad del autor estará siempre disponible en la siguiente direccion:
http://www.astrored.net/origen_del_universo
Photo: Andromeda galaxy
"No puedo creer que Dios nos haya dotado de sentidos,
intelecto, y palabras, y haya querido, despreciándo la posible utilización
de éstos, darnos por otros medios las informaciones que por ellos
podemos adquirir"
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
A SHORT POINT IN THE TIME AND IN THE SPACE
Esta página pertenece al Anillo
Astronómico
It is difficult that a human being has never wondered Preposition of the origin of the life and of the universe that harbors it, since they are queries inherent to our own rational nature. Further on of all philosophical or dogmatic conception that tries of giving an answer to the human plot, it is evident that still our spirit this restless one. From the emergence of the first civilizations, the man wondered the why of the light and of the darkness, why of the thunder and of the lightning, why of the life and the death and their instinctive way of approaching the reality made him to think of secret habitations where eminently superior beings, they managed their destinations and those of the world. An entangled range of religions and legends became part of the cultural patrimony of all the towns of the earth, like unequivocal sample of that enormous intellectual curiosity that it has levied us from the beginning of the history. The development of the one scientific thought has displaced the frontier of the knowledge toward environments in the past speculative, leaving us a wide one mark of concepts and ideas and surrendering valuable tools to judge and to develop our own opinions when looking at the enormous space rebozante of life that surrounds us. The present work, is a brief revision of the cosmological theories that they try to explain how the universe borned and which would be their geometric form, by the light of the current scientific knowledge. We have traveled a lot, but it is much more what is to walk, and like it usually happens, the challenge is always outlined for this and the next generations.
Benjamín Pérez Villena, abril de 1993
(Internet adaptation since may 2000)
1.A LITLLE POINT IN THE TIME AND IN THE SPACE
If a mosquito, one of those that grieve lives one day, wants to follow step to step the development of a man that at least lives 70 years, he/she would have the serious inconvenience of getting lost 99.9% of the life of that man. The yearning of the mosquito would be then, an utopia, because he/she would die a lot before solving their queries Preposition of like he/she is born, like he/she lives and like a human being dies. If exists a mosquito that really has the curiosity to study us, it would not achieve anything if only observes to a man. But if he/she noticed a group of them, he/she would realize that, fortunately for their pretenses, each one lives in a different evolutionary state. This way, he/she would observe to a boy, a youth good waiter, to an adult and an old longevo concluding that each one represents the man's stage evolutionary difernte and that these they are happened in continuous form from their birth until its death. < br > If we compare the human existence with the age of the universe, our situation would not be different to that of the mosquito. The scientists they have estimated that he/she has about 15.000 million years, it calculates that it ridicules our three million years like intelligent species. In consequence, we cannot sit down to wait that the evolution cosmic parade before our eyes to understand this way their operation. However, for us, it is of great fortune the fact that each stellar component (you shatter, galaxies, etc.), be in a different evolutionary stage, that which has allowed us to determine with great accuracy, like they are born, they evolve and they extinguish. < br>Para to have an idea more or clear meno about the enormous extension storm of the cosmos, let us play with the imagination and atengámonos to Carl's suggestions Sagan for graficar what has been of this from their origins. < br>El famous American scientist devised a calendar cosmic in the one that the entirety of the 15.000 million years attributed to the universe they lapse in a terrestrial year. According to this analogy, one second it represents 500 years of our history and we can date the most significant events.
January 1 00:00 Hours the Big takes place Bang, the explosion initial of the cosmic egg that dió origin to the universe.
January 1 00:10 Hours the formation of the first ones takes place atoms and the irradiated energy goes filling the one little by little nascent space - time.
September 1 at 00:00 Hours the formation takes place of the one Solar system starting from a cloud of gas and powder.
September 25 at 00:00 Hours In the Earth, they make their appearance the first alive beings (microscopic)
December15 at 00:00 Hours it breaks the monopoly of the algae green-blue with the call explosion of the cambrian one, where the alive beings were diversified in a violent way adapting to the atmospheres more dissimilar.
December 24 00:00 Hours the dinosaurs, rulers Appear absolute of the planet during 160 millone of years, until their extinction December 29.
December 31 at 23:00 Hours the Homo sapiens Appears.
31 of December 23:59:00 Hours The man begins to live in the stone age
December 31 at 23:59:52 the Babylonian empire Arises.
December 31 at 23:59:56 are in Jesus' times and of the Roman emperor Augusto.
December 31 at 23:59:59 Cristóbal Columbus America discovers.
December 31 at 24:00 present Time.
According to this calendar, the whole human history lapses
in the last minute, of the last hour, of December 31. This gives us a graph
he/she devises of the ephemeral thing that it has been our existence compared
with the evolution of the universe. < our br>Pero insignificance goes
further on: the physical place that we occupy in the space it doesn't represent
more than an atom flotándo in an incommensurable ocean.
The distance that you/they separate us of the planets
and the stars are so big that is impossible to use the terrestrial units
of longitude as the kilometer or the mile to measure them in their entirety
without getting entangled with figures exaggeratedly big and anything of
practical. They are used on the other hand bigger units that allow us to
conceptualize of good way these immensities. One of them is the year light
that is equal approximately to 9 trillion kilometers of longitude. It corresponds
at the time that delays the light to travel this distance and it is useful
to locate distant objects as galaxies, heaps stellar and cuasares. Another
measure unit is the astronomical unit (U.A.) that it corresponds at the
distance that separates the earth of the sun and it is equal approximately
to 150 million kilometers. It is frequently used for the mensurations inside
our solar system.
Paralelamente to that made with the age of the universe,
empleándo the calendário of Sagan, let us build a model to
scale of the system lot to understand the meaning of the vastness more
easily of the external space.
we Imagine, for example that a million kilometers are equal to a meter of our scale. Under these conditions, the sun would be a sphere of of 2 diameter meters and we would locate it in our model's center. Mercury, the nearest planet to he, would be located to 57 distance meters with a diameter of half centimeter. Venus would be a sphere of 1,2 centimeters and orbitaría to 108 meters of the sun. Our planet would move to 150 distáncia meters also with a diameter of 1,2 centimeters. Mars, the most distant in the planets interiors, orbitaría to 228 meters of the sun and it would measure something más de 0,6 centímeters. The biggest in all the planets, Jupiter, we will locate it to 778 meters of our sun and it would be a ball of 14,2 centimeters of diameter. Saturn would be to 1,4 kilometers of distáncia and it would measure 12 centimeters. Uranus and Neptune would measure 4,7 and 4,4 centimeters of long respectively and orbitarían in the same order at 1,5 and 2,8 kilometers of the sun. Lastly Pluto would measure 0,58 centimeters and it would be located to 5,9 kilometers of our bigger sphere. Now then, if we follow midiéndo the distáncias interstellar, the nearest star in the sun we will locate it to 45 thousand kilometers and our model to scale would fit no longer on the earth (that has a diameter of 12 thousand kilometers).
The man, from the beginning of the times, it has tried
to solve the mystery of the creation of the universe. Countless they have
been those myths and the legends that, in the diverse cultures, they have
arisen as faithful I testify of this indefatigable search. At the moment,
the development quick of the science and the technology, he/she has given
us a vision more esclarecedora of the cosmic evolution, allowing us even,
to surmise doesn't only have more than enough their history, but also on
the possible future that can happen us. < p>La theory of the Big Bang
that means in Anglo-Saxon speech great explosion, is more one of the scientific
theories popular and at the moment he/she enjoys a high degree of acceptance.
Her it is based fundamentally on physical events as the expansion of the
universe, the relative quantities of hydrogen and helium, and the existence
of the cosmological thermal radiation (radiation of bottom).
The history of the Big Bang begins by the middle of the
XIX century, when the Dutch scientist Cristian Doppler, discovers the phenomenon
physical that made him famous: the effect Doppler(ver figures).
This it is presented when a source of waves or energy moves in radial form (this it is, going away or coming closer) to an expectador or receiver. This way, this receives bigger or smaller quantity of waves for unit of time according to the sense of displacement of the source radio station. If we make an analogy, it will be glimpsed more easily what happens: we suppose that an observer is stopped to a side of the railroad esperándo to see pass the train. And let us suppose also that this comes closer to the obsrvador sounding their horn in uninterrupted form. As you hacerca, the expectador will capture that the sound becomes more and more sharp, until the moment in that the train passes next to him. From that instant, the sound will go getting gradually off tone, more serious tornándose, until to become inaudible for the distance. This is explained because the waves of sound travels in the same address of the train when this he/she approaches, due to that which, they are compressed and the receiver receives more them in the time unite. When going away the train, the waves travel in sense contrary to the source radio station that which produces their dilation, recibiéndo the expectador less waves for unit of time. It it produces the graveness of the sound. As this phenomenon it affects everything type of waves, inclusive to the electromagnetic ones, it was of being expected that the same thing happens with the visible light that is, in escencia, a type of wave.
Later on, at the beginning of the XX century, the effect
Doppler fué used by Vesto Slipher, astronomer of the observatory
Lowell in United States, to analyze the luminous expectro of distant galaxies.
As it happens with the sound, a luminous source will emit more waves of
of light for unit of time if you hacerca to us to a speed considerable.
It will happen the opposite if he/she goes away. The more waves long of
the luminous spectrum they correspond by the light of red color, while
that the shortest, to the violet. As Slipher he/she discovered that the
waves of light coming from most the observed galaxies for him they lengthened
(one ran toward the red of the spectrum), infirío that all they
moved away from us, excepting those belonging to the local group. They
seemed to escape from the solar system as if is an enormous flight. This,
in a principle, confused to the scientists. Why the galaxies went away
some of other?. You reached the conclusion that the universe in that live
he/she is expanding. This appreciation fué supported in 1929 when
the American astronomer Edwin Hubble working in the observatory of Mount
Wilson established their law of recession of the galaxies", according to
the one which, the speed with which the galaxies go away it is directly
proportional at the distance in that are. As in all proportion, a constant
exists, to this he/she was called constant of Hubble" (H) whose current
value is
H = v/d = 160 kilometers / second P.M.C.
This means that the galaxies move away from us accelerating
160 kilometers per second in million in years light that they travel.
Albert Einstein enunciated between 1915 and 1917 a theoretical mark more or less finish about the universe. Their general theory of the relativity he/she sat down the bases for the development of equations mathematics that, in certain form, they affirmed the general balance of the universe and the recession of the galaxies. The astronomer Dutch Of Sitter he/she worked on them and it outlined the one first model of the universe in expansion. In this same sense him they also made Alexander Friedmann and George Henri Lemaître, who applied the conclusions of Einstein in favor of the expansible universe. However, the pattern of Lemaître postulated that the universe expanded not only for the mathematical evidences found by Einstein, but also due to a physical phenomenon: a great one explosion. The Russian-American scientist George Gamow baptized the pattern of Lemaître like theory of the Big Bang and from 1948 he/she became one of their most fearless defenders.
La theory of the Big Bang supposes that the whole matter of the universe it was, in a beginning, concentrated on oneself place of the space. This mass of small volume (compared with the extension of the universe) fué baptized as cosmic egg by Gamow or atom primitive for Lemaître. If the whole existent matter in the universe it was concentrated on a single structure, their density debío to be unimaginably big. Of equal it forms, he/she is considered that their temperature it reached about 100 thousand million degrees celsius. Under such conditions, nisiquiera would exist the atoms like it has defined them the chemistry. When exploding, the energy was transforming gradually in matter, as he/she went away it is all addresses. In an instant time and space were born.
Al to lapse the first three minutes, newly they begin to to appear the nuclei of the simplest atoms, hydrogen and helium. The mathematical calculations predicted that its formation from a principle, was made in reason of four atoms of hydrogen for one of helium. The mensurations current they confirm a percentage of 75% for the hydrogen and 25% for the helium. The heaviest atoms, as the iron, the one carbono, the copper and the rest of the elements of the periodic chart, they were created, as one believes, inside the stars of great mass who you/they spread them for the cosmos when exploding as supernovas < br >. < br > they should pass hundred of thousands of years from the great explosion so that the crash among the elementary particles diminished, that that permitío that the atomic nuclei captured their electrons. At the same time, the temperature was descending gradually and the speed of expansion of the matter fué every smaller time. The fragments of the cosmic egg disseminated in all addresses, left condensing and they formed what today is galaxies, stars, planets and all the well-known celestial bodies.
Haciendo a small analogy, we can say that that the evolution of the universe would be equal, in certain form, to him that it happens with a cloud of vapor of water that he/she expands in the air. To measure that he/she cools down, the water becomes liquid, and if not he/she is given heat, their cooling it continues until arriving to the one solid state. The relationship between expansion and cooling it is so estrcha that the scientists have achieved, starting from her, to calculate with great exáctitud the theoretical temperature to the one that he/she should be the universe at the present time. Such a temperature it is of 3 K (in the absolute scale of Kalvin) or -270 degrees low celcius zero. Now then, a body to a certain temperature, emits radiations electromagnetic characteristics of that temperature and era of to be expected that some radiation type that confirms exists the 3 K calculated for the universe. Not fué sinó until the northerly spring of 1964 when the American astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, making mensurations of radio waves in New Jersey, United States, with an antenna of the Bell Telephone, discovered a bottom radiation that interfered with their work and that they could not eliminate, since it seemed to come from the whole universe. Immediately they gave the news to the physiques of the University of Princeton that Bang worked in the theory of the Big. They confirmed that this radiation was the looked for physical fossil for the scientists that it would correspond to the radiation electromagnetic that emits a body to 3 degrees kalvin. Naturally, this discovery, one of the most important of the radio astronomy it meant a strong back to the theory of the Big Bang. Penzias and Wilson received the physics Nobel prize for the discovery of that that later on was denominated cosmological thermal radiation."
Many scientists lean to think that the evolution of the universe it embraces a temporary dimension that he/she goes much more there of the primordial explosion and of the current expansion. They sustain that the time and the space were not created jointly with the one Big bang, but rather they consider to the cosmos like an eternal entity. This tésis, called theory of the universe pulsante, he/she comes to respond the following one does he/she ask: what was there before the Big bang?
The groupings of galaxies and the stellar heaps, move
separating some others in frank expansion. The theory of the Big bang it
supposes that the speed of recession of this objects it was bigger in the
past than today. The theory of the universe pulsante it sustains that in
an imminent future, the force gravitational resultant of the universe it
will be able to brake their expansion, until the one point of beginning
the contrary process, that is to say, a contraction. All the celestial
bodies would begin to come closer each other to a speed every bigger time,
until to be in oneself point and to constitute another time the cosmic
egg. (Big - crunch). This egg, later of certain lapse of time, it explode
again, giving orígen to another expansible universe
.
The cycle would repeat eternally, being perpetuated in
the one time. Our universe would be the last one of many arisen in the
past, after successive explosions and contractions (pulsasiones). The moment
in that the universe collapses on if same attracted for their own graveness
it is known as Big crunch in the scientific atmosphere. The Big crunch
would mark the end of our universe and the birth of other new, after the
subsequent Big bang that forms it.
If this theory ends up having full back, the Big crunch
it would happen inside about 150 thousand million years. If us we remit
to the Sagan calendar , this it would
be in about 10 years starting from December 31
.
RETURN TO INDEX
Although it is certain the theory of the Big bang he/she enjoys a popularity overwhelming, not all the scientists share their postulates. Many they consider that the universe is an entity that doesn't have principle neither end. He/she doesn't have principle because it didn't begin with a great explosion neither you will collapse, in a distant future, be born again. < br>La theory that is opposed to the thesis of an evolutionary universe it is known as theory of the stationary state or of creation continuous and he/she is born at the beginning of the XX century, when the idea that the universe it should present the same aspect from any observation point, it began to fasten among the investigators. It seemed logical to think that the distribution of the interstellar matter was to regulate and that no galaxy would have privileges in what refers to their position in the space. The instigator of this idea fué the one English astronomer Edward Milne and according to her, the data recabados for the observation of an object located to millions of years light, they should be identical to those obtained in the observation of the Milky Way from the same distance. Milne called to their thesis perfect cosmological principle." In 1948 the astronomers Herman Bondi, Thomas Gold and Fred Hoyle recaptured this thought and him they added new concepts. He/she is born this way the cosmological principle perfect as alternative for those who rejected of plane the theory of the Big bang.
This principle settles down, in the first place that the universe doesn't have a genesis neither an end, since the interstellar matter always has existed. In second term, it sustains that the general aspect of the one universe, is not only identical in the space, but also in the time. This way, the cosmos has stayed equally and with one constant density always. Evidently, in the future, neither it will change.
however, irrefutable realities that such ideas seem exist to contradict. Indeed, if the universe stays so much equal in the space as in the time, as explaining the current expansion of the galaxies that gradually will end up changing the aspect of the cosmos?. As the continuous transformation it is explained of hydrogen in helium that he/she will result in the formation of a saturated universe of heavy materials and aged galaxies?
The three astronomers explained in this respect that the
aspect of the one cosmos won't vary, because the space left by the galaxies
that they go away it will be occupied by new conglomerates that you/they
will go arising for the condensation of the matter created continually
starting from he/she swims her. This statement, an extravagant point, seems
to violate the law of the conservation of the energy. However, for the
trio of scientific, it will be enough that it arises (to leave of he/she
swims her) an only atom of hydrogen for each thousand millions of cubic
meters of space in constant form, so that the hydrogen of the universe
is renovated and replace that that it is consumed in the thermonuclear
reactions of the stars. ( Some astronomers suggest that that the created
matter comes of the energy transformation generated by the same expansion
of the galaxies, just as Einstein it postulated it in their famous equation
E=m*c2
Until the moment, any instrument created by the man has
able to only detect the creation of an atom of hydrogen in such a big space,
for him this thesis this for to be demonstrated.
The men of the antiquity imagined that the sky was contained in an enormous spherical vault that rotated permanently on their heads. The stars formed capricious geometric figures that in the mind of the most imaginative, they acquired those more you miss forms. Of there the name of celestial vault populated by a great variety of beings and mythological objects that they speak to each other of the man's fascination for this beautiful veil black.
When looking at it, it is difficult to be subtracted to the astonishment and the What a curiosity so deep this impenetrable celestial abyss is?. The optic instruments more perfect than we have built, they have shown us a portion of equivalent universe to a sphere of 15 thousand million years radio light. Further on, it is profiled for the time being, an universe completely unknown.
As mysterious as the extension of the universe, it is their form. Many scientists have dedicated great part of their time to investigate on the geometry of the cosmos, among them, the same Albert Einstein. Award-winning with the prize nobel in 1922, the young Einstein had 26 years when it revolutionized the classic physics and the scientific thought with their theory of the relativity (1905). This you convirtío soon in a new tool that permitío to the scientists to more thoroughly investigate in the outlined problems in cosmología,permitiendo the elaboration of theories very concrete.
Is know that the physical space where we move it possesses
a geometry euclidiana whose axioms the aprendemlos year to year in those
classes of mathematics imparted desede early age. In this space three-dimensional,
one lines straight line that is an infinite succession of points, he/she
is prolonged indefinitely in a certain address. In accordance with the
theory of Einstein, the presence of a body massive it distorts the space
time to its around. May 29 1919 it could be proven this thesis when taking
place an eclipse of sun. The light of the stars that were in the address
of the star king presented, indeed, the deviations in their trajectory
that Einstein had predicted. Therefore, in the universe, the physical space
leaves distorsionado`por the presence of bodies of enormous mass, and a
ray of light that has one rectilinear trajectory, strays. We can conclude
then that, while the space to scale local is of geometry euclidiana, to
great scale he/she acquires a geometry influenced by the relativity. we suppose that the current expansion of the universe
could be braked in some way. Let us imagine that in a given moment, the
escape speed of the galaxies was counteracted by the gravitational action
of the same ones. You would arrive to a balance state where there would
not be expansion neither contraction. In this case we would be in front
of an universe plane euclidiano of infinite size.
On the other hand, if the universe doesn't have the enough
gravitational force to brake their expansion, Then all the celestial bodies,
you they would separate for always some of other and you enfríarían
to give orígen to a dark universe and of almost null density. You
it will curve negatively, acquiring a hyperbolic geometry similar, apparently,
to a seat of mounting.
it is important to highlight that the universe, at the
moment in expansion, alone it will be able to be braked if a net gravitational
force exists that he/she makes it possible. And so that such a force exists,
a quantity is required certain of matter that generates it. The calculations
current tendientes to find the mass of the universe, they speak to each
other of an inferior number to the minimum that one needs to stop the advance
of the galaxies, what would imply that we live in a hyperbolic universe,
with all the signal characteristics for the third model. But the doubt
still persists in the scientific world. Many investigators say that, with
the current technology, it is impossible to detect the entirety of the
mass of the universe, there being particles invisible for our instruments.
This quantity of dark matter it would cover the mass faltante to achieve
a capable gravitational force of braking to the universe, even, to begin
their contraction.
In 1992, the satellite of space observation of the nasa
COBE, descubró that the cosmological thermal radiation or bottom
radiation, doesn't exist in a homogeneous way in the one cosmos, sinó
that presents a series of irregularities, those which they were predichas
for the thesis of the Big bang. This comes to give a strong one I support
to diche theory and it confirms that only the advance of the science and
the technology can come closer with more certainty to the reality of our
universe.
Asimov, Isaac. El Universo, Ed. Alianza S.A. Madrid 1973.
Comentarios, sugerencias y correciones, serán bienvenidos
a:
1) The plane universe with geometry euclidiana.
2) The universe spherical relativista or of positive
bend.
3) The hyperbolic universe or of negative bend.
now then, if we think of an universe that possesses the
enough force to begin a contraction (universe pulsante), the cosmos cería
closed and framed inside a spherical geometry. The expansion of the universe
would be equivalent to inflate a globe, where all the points of the surface
separate some others. The sphere it represents a finite and limitless surface,
where two dimensions exist that they are curved in a third. If we walk
for this spherical surface in it lines straight line, we will end up arriving
to the starting point. Parallelly, the spherical pattern of the universe
consists of three dimensions that you they curve in a fourth devido to
the distortion of the space time according to we have seen. A ray of light
that travels in it lines straight line, it would finish to arrive to their
orígen place in this relativist universe.
Kerrod, Robin. Las estrellas y planetas. Ed. Fontalba.
Barcelona, 1979.
Sagan, Carl. Cosmos. Ed. Planeta S. A. Barcelona, 1986.
Beinstein, Alejandro. Astronomía elemental. Ed.
Kapeluz S.A. Buenos Aires 1969.
Biblioteca Salvat Grandes temas. El Sistema Solar. Salvat
Ed. Barcelona 1979
Gran enciclopedia de la ciencia. Ed. Portada Santiago
de Chile, 1987.
García, Mario. La tierra y la actividad prebiológica:
el marco elemental de sus orígenes. Ed. Antropos. Barcelona, 1989.
Benjamín Pérez Villena
bepe25@yahoo.com
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